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2020第十五屆中華商管科技學會年會暨學術研討會

中華商管科技學會年會暨學術研討會為本學會每年度最重要的會議，以促使商業及管理相關領域之產業界與學術界專家能齊聚一堂，往年藉由兩岸交流提升兩岸產業生產力，促進兩岸競爭力。今年由於疫情嚴峻，故僅國內舉辦此研討會，尤其特別感謝國立雲林科技大學管理學院承辦。

透過多年來持續辦理，已收錄逾千篇之實務或理論性驗證論文，對累積產業界與學術界之實務心得、研究成果、探討先進技術理念落實之應用深具貢獻。希望各界能持續支持本會宗旨，以長期經營的態度，針對兩岸產業之發展、企業行銷策略、金融及人力資源市場所面臨的衝擊與因應現況，進行相互觀摩研討，以促進兩岸企業產業升級，加強企業競爭力。

本年度發行論文集，亦將論文摘要置於網路上供社會各界閱覽，將邀請入選本學會出版「商管科技季刊」的審查。再次感謝所有參與此次學術研討會之產、學各界菁英，相信這些優良論著對商業及管理領域之研究與應用必有卓越貢獻與深遠的影響。

中華商管科技學會理事長  林如貞

謹識

                                                                                                                      2020 年 12 月 18 日

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2020第十五屆中華商管科技學會年會暨學術研討會

今年，受嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎疫情衝擊，造成全球經濟環境重大打擊，消費者行為和商業模式也隨之轉變，帶來新的產業發展趨勢和商機，如何減少受創產業衝擊，並藉此推動產業轉型，將成為後疫情時代的關注重點。而教育方面，在疫情的前期，多校紛紛改採遠距教學取代實體教學，疫情改變過去校園的教學方式，藉助資訊通訊科技的便利性，以降低疫情對於學生學習的衝擊，後疫情時代的教學策略與應用亦成為關注重點。

本次研討會主題「後疫情時代：商業趨勢與企業轉型之因應策略」，將學術與實務互相結合，希望藉由議題的探討，供學術交流互惠合作之依循，交換研究與學習心得，期望師生的研究成果能為企業經營與經濟組織提供實質的貢獻，並提升相關領域教師之教學品質及研究視野。

本次研討會，論文集輯成之後，將申請ISBN，由中華商管科技學會暨國立雲林科技大學管理學院送到大會。本人對各領域鴻儒碩彥，賜撰大作，敬表欽佩及感謝之忱，並於此預祝大會圓滿成功。

國立雲林科技大學管理學院院長　陳昭宏

謹識

2020 年 12 月 18 日

回目錄

Q技術應用於進口食品業電子商務之創新管理

INNOVATION MANAGEMENT OF E-COMMERCE IN THE IMPORTED FOOD INDUSTRY USING Q-TECHNIQU

張吉成
龍華科技大學資訊管理系（所）教授

張騰睿
銘傳大學企業管理系博士班研究生

Chi-Cheng Chang
Professor, Department of Informantion Management,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

Teng-Jui Chang
Graduate student of the Doctoral Program,
Department of Business Management, Ming Chuan University

摘要

在高度動態變化的市場環境下，創新管理是提升企業的競爭效益和經營績效的重要課題之一。本研究旨在探究動態環境下，Q技術應用於進口食品業電子商務之創新管理。採用文獻分析、專家諮詢、調查研究、Q技術等方法。研究首先探究資源依賴理論與動態模型。其次應用Q技術結合15專家諮詢建立102個陳述句作為母群，接著抽取47個Q樣本編製問卷。問卷以進口食品供應商、經銷商、批發商、平台業者、線上賣家、物流業者等100家進行調查，以獲得Covid-19影響下對進口食品業電子商務之衝擊情形。結果獲得Utterback-Abernathy動態模型，可以有效詮釋動態環境經營之影響現況；以及創新管理之建議等。研究可作為在未來後疫情時代，電商企業調整營運資源與創新管理之參考。

關鍵字：Q技術、食品業、電子商務、創新管理

ABSTRACT

回目錄

探討創新科技對產業之影響－以機器人為例

TO EXPLORE THE INFLUENCE OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TO INDUSTRIES - TAKE ROBOT AS THE EXAMPLE

陳家祥
元智大學管理學院教授

柳育德
元智大學管理學院助理教授

吳美馨
元智大學管理學院博士研究生

張勇正
元智大學管理學院博士研究生

Ja-Shen Chen
Professor, School of Management,
Yuan Ze University

Yu Te Liu
Assistant Professor, School of Management,
Yuan Ze University

Mei-Hsin Wu
Ph. D. student, School of Management,
Yuan Ze University

Yong-Chen Chang
Ph. D. student, School of Management,
Yuan Ze University

摘要

創新科技進步的神速，令人憾動；創新科技對產業的影響至巨，牽動產業鏈的結構屬性和價值屬性。老齡社會是一個不可避免的現象，也是一個無法逆轉的事實，在老齡社會結構之下，機器人取代人力看顧的可能性越來越大，服務型機器人的興起，成為創新科技在老齡社會的顯著代表。本研究意圖探討機器人為何重要？臺灣是否應開始重視生產？臺灣有能力生產嗎？要如何生產？本研究以產業價值鏈、創新擴散理論、與資源基礎理論確立重要的構面，並發展命題與推導研究架構，研究目的為探討創新科技對產業之影響。本研究將以問卷調查法對政府公部門機構、機器人廠商併其專業人員、與相關企業經營者併其主管等進行取樣，企圖發現無形資產對產業鏈所造成之影響，並探討如何提升產業鏈的競爭優勢以達成國內生產機器人之可能性。本研究將在學術、管理實務、與後續研究層面做出貢獻。

關鍵字：老齡社會、機器人、產業鏈、動態能力、競爭優勢

ABSTRACT

回目錄

考慮塞車及碳成本車輛途程規劃問題之研究

VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM CONCERNING TRAFFIC SITUATION AND CARBON EMISSION COS

劉家熙
龍華科技大學資訊管理學系暨研究所副教授

施建宇
龍華科技大學資訊管理學系暨研究所研究生

Gia-Shie Liu
Associate Professor, Department of Information Management,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

Chien-Yu Shih
Graduate Student, Department of Information Management,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

摘要

傳統上車輛途程問題通常以實際距離來做相關路線的規劃，並沒有考慮到塞車的狀況。隨著時代的變化，遇到塞車已是十分常見的事，大眾常以Google Map做為行車路線的參考依據。本研究在同一路段以交通工具在行駛前，先使用Google Map對該路段進行行駛預估，再實際行駛該路段，反覆測試取得300次的行駛數據來得出較為準確的塞車機率，並進一步修正Google Map的行駛時間。本研究也結合現今大眾所關注的環保議題，把碳成本納入車輛途程問題，並以節省法、標靶啟發式插入法、標靶啟發式交換法，規劃出符合短距離、短時間和低成本的綠色途程路線規劃。最後將得到最佳的結果的標靶啟發式交換法的解，與其他演算法所得的結果相比較。而在車載重分析之中，得出使用大噸位的車輛來執行車輛途程的路線配送作業，與小噸位的車輛相比成本較低、且所需的車輛較少。

關鍵字：車輛路徑規劃、目標插入啟發式演算法、目標交換啟發式演算法、塞車、碳成本

ABSTRACT

Traditionally, vehicle routing problems usually use actual distances to plan related routes, without considering the situation of traffic jams. As time changes, it is very common to encounter traffic jams, and the public often uses Google Map as a reference for driving directions. This study first uses Google Map to estimate the traffic time of some selected road segment right before actually driving a vehicle on the same road segment for 300 times to obtain a more accurate probability of traffic jams, and further corrects the driving time estimated by Google Map. Furthermore, this study also considers the current public concern environmental issues, and incorporates the carbon emission cost into the vehicle routing problem to design the optimal routing plan by conducting Saving method, Target heuristic insertion method, and Target exchange heuristic method to meet the lowest total routing cost. Simultaneously, the solution obtained by Target heuristic exchange method will be compared with the results obtained by other algorithms. In the vehicle capacity analysis, it can be concluded that the large-capacity vehicle will be the better alternative to conduct all delivery operations compared to small-capacity vehicle due to lower total routing cost and the smaller number of vehicle requirement.

Keywords:   Vehicle Routing Problem, Target Insert Heuristic Method, Target Exchange Heuristic Method, Traffic Jam, Carbon Emission Cost

回目錄

運用二維模式探討技職校院新生選校因素－以北部某科技大學為例

USING THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODEL TO DISCUSS THE FACTORS FOR SCHOOL SELECTION OF FRESHMEN IN VOCATIONAL COLLEGE/ UNIVERSITY - A CASE STUDY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NORTHERN TAIWAN

李佳怡
龍華科技大學企管系碩士班碩士生

李維鈞
龍華科技大學企管系助理教授

Chia-Yi Lee
Graduate Student, Department of Business Administration,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

Wei-Chun Lee
Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

摘要

受到少子化及教育改革的影響，我們所認知的教育環境與過去有很大的改變，以及多元入學方案推動後，不同入學管道需求與條件，學生選校變得更多元，同時也使各大學面臨招生的困境，瞭解大一新生選校的因素為首當要務。本研究主要目的在探討四技大一新生的選校因素，本研究透過文獻探討後設計問卷，問卷共發放1080份問卷，實際回收1067份，針對填答不完整的問卷共15份予以刪除，有效問卷之總數為1052份，問卷結果利用對偶重要度相關分析瞭解學生選校重要度及考慮度，由結果得知在重要度符合一維特性有4項，魅力特性有5項，無差異特性有3項，必要特性有4項；在考慮度符合一維特性有3項，魅力特性有5項，無差異特性有4項，必要特性有4項，最後根據研究結果提出改善意見，作為日後相關單位參考依據。

關鍵字：選校因素、二維品質模式、重要績效度分析、對偶重要度相關分析

ABSTRACT

Influenced by declining birthrate and education reform, the educational environment we recognize has changed greatly from the past. After the multi-entry program, the requirements and conditions for different admission channels have made student selection more diversified and faced the difficulty of enrollment for universities. Understanding the factors of freshman selection is a top priority. This study designed the questionnaire after discussing through the literature, a total of 1080 questionnaires were distributed, and 1067 were recovered, a total of 15 questionnaires with incomplete answers were deleted, and the total number of valid questionnaires was 1052. Questionnaire results use dual importance mapping analysis to understand the importance and consideration of students' school selection. According to the results, in importance, there are 4 items that match the one-dimensional characteristics, 5 items that match the attractive characteristics, 3 items that match the indifference characteristics, and 4 items that match the must-be characteristics. In consideration there are 3 items that match the one-dimensional characteristics, 5 items that match the attractive characteristics, 4 items that match the indifferent characteristics and 4 items that match the must-be characteristics. Finally, according to the results of the study to put forward suggestions for improvement, as a reference for the relevant units in the future.

Keywords:  Factors of Choosing School, Two-Dimensional Quality Model, Importance - Performance Analysis, Dual Importance Mapping

回目錄

農產品產地屬性訊息對消費者知覺風險、品牌權益與再購意願之研究

A STUDY OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT ORIGIN ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION ON CONSUMERS’ PERCEIVED RISK, BRAND EQUITY AND REPURCHASE INTENTION

蕭至惠
國立嘉義大學行銷與觀光管理學系教授

柳志昂
國立嘉義大學行銷管理碩士班研究生

Chih-Hui Hsiao
Professor, Department of Marketing and Tourism Management,
National Chiayi University

Zhi-Ang Liu
Graduate Student, Graduate Institute of Marketing and Tourism Management,
National Chiayi University

摘要

本研究欲探討若農產品使用產地商標或其他屬性訊息是否可有效保護農產品，有助於協助消費者進行購買評估。本文欲了解農產品原產地屬性訊息是否會影響消費者的知覺風險、農產品的地區品牌權益和再購意願，以及各個構面之間的相關性。

本研究共計回收550份有效問卷，以獨立樣本t檢定與迴歸分析進行假說之驗證分析。研究結果顯示：(一)相較於弱產地屬性訊息，強產地屬性訊息更能降低知覺風險，且知覺風險其子構面皆有降低知覺風險之趨勢。(二)知覺風險會負向影響再購意願，且功能、身體、心理、社會均會負向影響再購意願。(三)相較於弱產地屬性訊息，強產地屬性訊息更能提高品牌權益。(四)品牌權益會正向影響再購意願。(五)相較弱產地屬性訊息，強產地屬性訊息更能提高再購意願。(六)無論知覺風險高低，強產地屬性訊息皆能提高再購意願，且知覺風險其子構面皆有提高再購意願之趨勢。(七)無論品牌權益高低，強產地屬性訊息皆能提高再購意願。

關鍵字：情產地屬性訊息、知覺風險、品牌權益、再購意願、產地商標

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to explore whether the use of origin labels or other attribute information can effectively protect agricultural products and assist consumers in purchasing evaluation. In order to understand whether agricultural product origin attribute information will affect consumers’ perceived risk, regional brand equity of agricultural products and repurchase intention, and the correlation between various aspects.

A total of 550 valid questionnaires were collected to verify the hypothesis by independent sample t test and regression analysis. The results show that: (1)Compared with the weak origin attribute information, the strong origin attribute information can reduce the perceived risk, and the sub-dimensions of perceived risk have the tendency to reduce the perceived risk.(2)Perceived risk will negatively affect the intention to repurchase, and function, body, psychology and society will negatively affect the intention to repurchase.(3)Compared with the weak origin attribute information, the strong origin attribute information can improve the brand equity.(4)Brand equity will positively affect the intention to repurchase.(5)Compared with the weak origin attribute information, the strong origin attribute information can improve the repurchase intention.(6)No matter the perceived risk is high or low, strong origin attribute information can improve the intention to repurchase, and the sub-dimensions of perceived risk have the tendency to improve the intention to repurchase.(7)No matter the level of brand equity, strong origin attribute information can improve the repurchase intention.

Keywords:  Origin Attribute Information, Perceived Risk, Brand Equity, Repurchase Intention, Origin Trademark

回目錄

指數期貨與現貨套利交易避險績效－門檻共整合的應用

THE HEDGING EFFECTIVENESS OF INDEX FUTURES AND SPOTS UNDER ARBITRAGE TRADING - AN APPLICATION OF THRESHOLD COINTEGRATION

莊忠柱
淡江大學管理科學學系教授

李達期
龍華科技大學財務金融系副教授

林筱寧
永豐銀行營業部法金業務助理

Chung-Chu Chuang
Professor, Department of Management Science,
Tamkang University

Ta-Chi Lee
Associate Professor, Department of Finance,
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

Xiao-Ning Lin
Business Assistant, Department of Institutional Finance,
Bank of SinoPac

摘要

避險是投資活動中相當重要的項目之一。當市場存在套利交易時，可利用具有門檻的誤差修正模型，探討避險組合的避險績效。本研究以臺灣加權股價指數現貨每日收盤價及臺灣加權股價指數期貨的最靠近13:30交易價格為研究樣本，利用移動視窗法（Rolling-Window），探討套利交易下的動態共整合避險績效。在比較具有線性向量誤差修正項的DCC-GARCH模型（VECM-DCC-GARCH）及非對稱門檻向量誤差修正項的DCC-GARCH模型（TVECM-DCC-GARCH），本研究發現VECM-DCC-GARCH模型與TVECM-DCC-GARCH模型的動態共整合避險績效並沒有顯著差異，隱含套利交易理論不存在於臺灣的指數現貨與期貨市場，本研究的研究發現可做為投資人的參考。

關鍵字：期貨、套利交易、門檻誤差修正模型、避險績效

ABSTRACT

Hedging is playing an important role in investment. When arbitrage theory exists, the error correction model with thresholds can be used to investigate hedging effectiveness of hedging portfolio under arbitrage on hedging. This study examined Taiwan index spot daily close price and Taiwan index futures price that is occurred close to 13:30. The rolling-window method is used to investigate the dynamic out-of-sample hedging effectiveness of VECM-DCC- GARCH and TVECM-DCC-GARCH model with asymmetric thresholds. The results show that there is no significant difference in hedging effectiveness between VECM-DCC- GARCH and TVECM-DCC-GARCH model, which implying arbitrage theory does not exist in Taiwan index spot and index futures market. The finding in this study can be used as a reference for investors.

Keywords:  Futures, Arbitrage Trade Theory, Threshold Error Correction Model, Hedge Effectiveness

回目錄

應用ARJI模型重新評估及檢視股市投資風險

RE-EVALUATE AND REVIEW STOCK MARKET INVESTMENT RISKS WITH ARJI MODEL

姜淑美
龍華科技大學教授

葉金標
僑光科技大學財務金融系副教授

Shu-Mei Chiang
Professor, Lunghwa University of Science and Technology

Yeh Chin-Piao
Associate Professor, Department of Finance,
Overseas Chinese University
 

摘要

本研究運用自我回歸跳躍強度模型（Autoregressive Jump Intensity model, ARJI model）來探討台灣前10大權值股的特性及投資風險，找出不同風險程度下的最佳投資組合。實證結果顯示：(1)ARJI模型在描述此10大權值股票報酬率的行為時相當適合；(2)追求穩定報酬且低風險的投資人可以投資電信股為主；有重要資訊或較重視短線的投資人，則可投資其他的成分股；(3)落後一期股票報酬率對當期股票報酬率幾乎都有顯著的影響，可能是因為台灣股票市場有漲跌停的限制，對流入股票市場的訊息會有過度反應的現象，間接證實台灣股市不具效率性；(4)當各種訊息進到股票市場引起股價變動時，此跳躍的過程是與時俱變的、非固定的。

關鍵字：ARJI模型、投資風險管理、台灣50指數成份股

ABSTRACT

This study uses the Autoregressive Jump Intensity model (ARJI model) to explore the characteristics and investment risks of Taiwan’s top 10 weighted stocks and develope the best investment portfolio under different risk levels to provide the investors with references for investment and hedge. The empirical results show that: (1) the application of the ARJI model in describing the top 10 stock returns of the Taiwan index 50 is quite suitable; (2) the investors who pursue stable returns and low risks can invest in the telecom stocks; however, those investors who have important information or pay more attention to short-term investors can invest in other constituent stocks; (3) the lagged one-period stock return has almost a significant impact on the current stock return. This may be because the Taiwan stock market has price limits and the investors in Taiwan stock market seem to overreact to information flowing into the stock market; (4) when various information enters the stock market and result in price changes, the jump process is time-varying and non-fixed.

Keywords:  ARJI Model, Investment Risk Management, Taiwan 50 Index Constituents

回目錄

企業社會責任、資本結構調整速度與企業績效

DOES CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DRIVE CAPITAL STRUCTURE ADJUSTMENT SPEED TO BENEFIT FIRM PERFORMANCE? EVIDENCE FROM ASEAN COUNTRIES

林憲平
國立雲林科技大學財務金融系助理教授

Arum Pujiastuti
國立雲林科技大學財務金融系研究生

Hsien-Ping Lin
Assistant Professor, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

Arum Pujiastuti
Graduate Student, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

ABSTRACT

Earlier studies show that corporate social responsibility have a mixed impact on firm performance. This paper contributes a novel channel to link the relation via the adjustment speed of capital structure. Using data from ASEAN countries this study tests whether the adjustment speed of capital structure serves as a bridge between CSR and firm performance. We find that firms with higher CSR score are associated with lower information asymmetry, which accelerates their adjustment speed of capital structure in an exception of Indonesia. In addition, the results support that corporate social responsibility drive capital structure adjustment speed to benefit Tobin’s Q in ASEAN countries out of Singapore. Overall, our evidences reveal a positive effect of CSR on firm.

Keywords:    Capital Structure, Capital Structure Adjustment Speed, Corporate Social Responsibility, Firm Performance

回目錄

企業生命週期與合併收購

CORPORATE LIFECYCLE AND MERGERS AND ACQUISITION

廖源星
中山大學財務管理系助理教授

林巧倫
勤業眾信聯合會計師事務所審計員

Y. Chris Liao
Assistant Professor, Department of Finance,
National Sun Yat-sen University

Chiao-Lun Lin

摘要

本文探討在不同之企業生命週期之企業特性如何影響合併收購決策。我們運用Anthony and Ramesh（1992）模型將股利發放率、營收成長率、資本支出率與公司成立年數將公司生命週期區分為成長期、成熟期與衰退期；並將企業股票價值拆解成公司特定估值誤差（firm-specific misvaluation）、時間序列行業誤差（time-series sector error）與成長機會（growth opportunities）。實證結果顯示當公司處於成熟期時，有最高的機率去併購其他企業。此外，在不同生命週期，主併公司股票估值誤差與成長機會有顯著不同：成長期主併公司之股票價值被顯著高估，而成長期與成熟期之成長機會大於衰退期成長機會。在成長期，當股票估值誤差越高時，主併公司更傾向選擇股票以支付併購。在成熟期，成長機會越高，越容易採用股票去融資併購。併購宣告異常報酬證據符合了錯誤估值假說。

關鍵字：企業生命週期、合併收購、錯誤估值、成長機會

ABSTRACT

We explore how stock mis-valuation and growth opportunities may vary across different corporate life cycles and might affect mergers and acquisitions. We use cash-dividend payout ratio, sales growth rate, capital expenditure ratio and corporate establishment years to divide corporate life cycles into growth, maturity and decline stages. We also decompose firm value into firm-specific misvaluation, time-series sector error and growth opportunities. We find that firms at the maturity stage have the highest propensity to make mergers and acquisitions. In addition, our results indicate that stock mis-valuation and growth opportunities vary across corporate life cycles. Stocks in the growth stage are significantly over-valued. In the growth stage, probability of selecting stock as payment method is positively related to the stock mis-valuation. In the maturity stage, propensity of selecting stock as payment method is positively related to growth opportunities. Evidence on M&A announcement abnormal returns is consistent with the mis-valuation hypothesis.

Keywords:   Corporate Life Cycles, Mergers and Acquisitions, Misvaluation, Growth Opportunities

回目錄

企業轉型之路上研發密度的角色

THE EFFECT OF R&D ON CORPORATE TRANSFORMATION

林憲平
雲林科技大學財務金融系助理教授

施家蓉
雲林科技大學財務金融系學生

陳姿妤
雲林科技大學財務金融系學生

林芸妃
雲林科技大學財務金融系學生

陳怡臻
雲林科技大學財務金融系學生

Hsien-Ping Lin
Assistant Professor, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

Jia-Rong Shih
Student, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

Zih-Yu Chen
Student, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

Yun-Fei Lin
Student, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technolog

Yi-Jhen Chen
Student, Department of Finance,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

摘要

創新研發已然是企業永續發展的關鍵，本研究旨在探討企業的研發活動如何推進企業轉型，並測試企業轉型的發生與績效表現間的相關性。首先，本研究利用BCG矩陣定義企業的轉型，將企業的發展階段區分為問題事業、明星事業、金牛事業、落水狗事業等四類別。本研究發現企業的研發密度愈高，有助於企業自問題事業成功轉型為明星進而成為金牛事業，而實證結果顯示企業發展階段在金牛事業與落水狗事業之間，研發密度與企業轉型具有倒U型的非線性關係存在，最後，企業的轉型成功與否，與其企業績效有顯著相關性。

關鍵字：BCG矩陣、研發密度、創新、企業轉型、企業績效

ABSTRACT

Innovation and R&D serve as the keys to create firms’ growth. This study attempts to explore whether R&D triggers firm upgrade and to examine the impact of corporate transformation on firm performance. Instead of business life cycle, this study divides business development into four stages including question marks, star-ups, cash cows, and dogs by using BCG matrix. The results show that R&D plays the key to drive firm in question marks stage successfully transiting to star-ups stage, and then upgrading to cash cows stage. The result reveals a U-shape between R&D and the incidence of cow-firms transited into dog-firms. This evidence indicates that an optimal R&D exists. This study document that firm transformation is significantly related to firm performance.

Keywords:  Innovation, R&D, BCG Matrix, Business Transformation, Firm Performance

回目錄

社會排除消費者對補償態度的影響－以數字可除性和笑容強度為干擾變數

THE INFLUENCES OF NUMERICAL DIVISIBILITY AND SMILE INTENSITY ON SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND CONSUMER ATTITUDE TO COMPENSATION

温韻慈
國立清華大學教育心理與諮商學系碩士班工商心理組研究生

高登第
國立清華大學教育心理與諮商學系工商心理組教授

Yun-Tzu Wen
Master student, Industrial and Organizational Psychology,
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,
National Tsing Hua University

Teng-Ti Kao
Professor, Industrial and Organizational Psychology,
Department of Educational Psychology and Counseling,
National Tsing Hua University

摘要

本研究旨在探討消費者在經驗社會排除後對於補償的態度，並加入數字可除性和笑容強度加以討論，了解其交互作用對社會排除消費者的影響。本研究採發放網路問卷方式，以一般消費者為研究對象，採用2（社會排除：外顯排除／內隱排除）x2（數字可除性：可除數字／不可除數字）x2（笑容強度：寬闊笑容／細微笑容）受試者間實驗設計來進行資料搜集，藉以探討對於經驗到不同社會排除方式的消費者，是否會因經驗後的心理需求不同，對於隨即的補償產生不同的態度，且數字與服務員的笑容是否能影響其態度。研究發現：一、內隱排除消費者對於可除數字和寬闊笑容會有更高的補償喜好程度；二、外顯排除消費者則在不可除數字和細微笑容有較高的補償喜好程度；三、相較於數字可除性，笑容強度對於內隱排除消費者和外顯排除消費者皆有較大的影響。根據研究結果，可針對社會排除以及類似性質族群，做更完善的行銷規劃，以促進其購買意願。

關鍵字：社會排除、數字可除性、笑容強度、消費者態度、補償

ABSTRACT

The study focuses on consumer attitude toward compensation after individuals experiencing social explicit and implicit exclusion, as well as the moderating roles of numerical divisibility and smile intensity. This study conducted three-factor experiment design: 2(social exclusion: explicit exclusion/implicit exclusion) x2 (numerical divisibility: divisible number/indivisible number) x2 (smile intensity: broad/slight). By survey method through the Internet, the results are as followings: 1. Compared with consumers in explicit exclusion, those in implicit exclusion exhibit greater compensation preference for divisible number and broad smile. 2. Compared with consumers in implicit exclusion, those in explicit exclusion exhibit greater compensation preference for indivisible number and slight smile. 3. Compared to numerical divisibility, smile intensity makes greater impact on both types of social exclusion consumers. By providing the results, the study demonstrates the distinction between implicit and explicit exclusion among consumers, also indicating the practical strategies about compensation for marketers targeting the excluded consumers by evoking different needs.

Keywords:  Social Exclusion, Numerical Divisibility, Smile Intensity, Consumer Attitude, Compensation

回目錄

NPO組織氣候對中階管理人員培力之影響

DTHE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATION CLIMATE ADJUSTMENT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MIDDLE LEVEL MANAGER IN NPO

賴育津
世新大學非營利組織與社會企業碩士學程

洪光宗
世新大學企業管理系副教授

Yu-Chin Lai
Master Program of Nonprofit and Social Enterprise,
Shih Hsin University

Guang-Chu Hung
Associate Professor, Department of Business Administration,
Shih Hsin University

摘要

組織氣候是員工對於組織政策、實務、工作程序共享的知覺。良好的組織氣候對組織績效有正向關係。由於組織氣候受組織特性和管理行為的影響，在同一組織文化之下，不同部門會有不同之組織氣候。對於中階管理人員而言，設計、調整出一個適合部門成員的組織氣候便是良好組織績效的重要基礎。本研究以NPO管理者作為研究對象，探討中高階管理人員對於組織氣候的感知與調整，及此一過程對中階管理人員培力之影響。本研究選擇六個台灣中大型的NPO，採用半結構式訪談，歸納出組織氣候構面中與中階管理人員培力之關係。研究發現當NPO重視認同、人情、支持等組織氣候構面，則中階管理人員在團隊氛圍營造上會有良好表現；而善用非財務獎酬以激勵員工，可以更滿足其內在成就。但對結構和標準有關的組織氣候構面，NPO執行力普遍偏弱，且教育訓練中對於處理組織改造或新制度上管理技能的著墨也較為不足。
本研究發現：NPO於招募時重視工作技能和組織使命認同，從基層幹部開始就須強化相關管理技能，並重視組織結構設計與作業標準化。若組織計劃從外部延攬營利組織的人才，本研究發現從基層幹部起聘以減少組織文化差異的影響會比較適宜。本研究希冀能釐清NPO對組織氣候的運用、管理及做法，並對中階管理人員之有效培力能有更清楚的輪廓。

關鍵字：NPO、組織氣候、組織文化、中階管理人員、培力

ABSTRACT

Organizational climate is the perceptions of policies, practice, and program of employees in the organization. Organizational climate is positively related to organizational performance. The organizational climate is affected by the characteristic of the organization and administrative behavior, and there is difference in organizational climate in different departments.  For the mid-level manager, the organizational performance is mainly based on designing and modifying a suitable organizational climate for the department.  In this study, our target is managers who work in non-profit organizations (NPO), and we focus on what senior executives sensed and adjusted for organizational climate and the effect of empowerment of mid-level managers in the process.  This study summarizes the relationship between the aspects of the organizational climate and the empowerment of mid-level managers through the semi-structured interview with six large-medium-size NPO in Taiwan. It revealed that mid-level managers have sense of the team atmosphere such as reorganization, favor, supportiveness, and so on, are highly valued by NPO. Moreover, making best use of a non-reward system to encourage employees can make them more satisfied. However executive power of NPO is generally weaker at the organizational climate which is related to structure and criteria. Also, there is insufficient to reform organization or innovation of manageable skills.  This study revealed that NPO should impose importance to the applicant’s work skills and identify of organizational mission during recruiting. Moreover, it should emphasize from junior management level to enforce skills that are associated with management and design of the organizational structure and process standard. If NPO plans to hire talents from profit organizations, this study suggested that it is more relevant in hiring them from junior level management to reduce the influence on the cultural variation of organization. Hence, we aim to clarify how the organizational climate is practiced and regulated in NPO, and the effective empowerment of the mid-level managers.

Keywords:  NPO, Organizational Climate, Organizational Culture, Mid-Level Manager, Empowerment

回目錄

醫療人力替代分析之研究—以醫師與專科護理師為例

ANALYSIS ON THE SUBSTITUTION BETWEEN PHYSICIANS AND NURSE PRACTITIONERS OF HEALTHCARE MANPOWER

吳欣席
新席眼科診所院長暨雲林縣醫師公會理事長

林尚平
國立雲林科技大學企業管理系教授

Hsin-Hsi Wu
President of New Shine Eye clinic
Chairman, Cororation Aggregate of Yun-Lin County Medical Association

Shang-Ping Lin
Professor, Department of Business Administration,
National Yunlin University of Science and Technology

摘要

台灣的醫師人力足夠嗎？儘管台灣執業醫師人數將近五萬人，醫院卻是五大皆空（內、外、兒、婦、急診等科招募不到住院醫師），同時人口老化與病患就醫次數攀升，醫師人力不足的問題需要被解決，特別是住院與急診的照護，但該如何尋找適合的醫師替代人力呢？

本文聚焦在西醫師的替代人力議題，從實務面的時效性、合理性、與人力分工的效率與效能觀之，提出專科護理師（以下簡稱NP）可替代醫師的部分工作。回顧過去研究探討醫師人力多在預測醫師人力的需求或是分布，或是討論NP的成本與品質控管等議題，文獻缺乏從醫療生態環境、與法規面分析醫師與NP人力部分替代，對於醫療提供面產生的效益。

奠基在組織生態與體制理論，本文以質性研究進行資料蒐集，透過超過25年的參與觀察、訪談公私立醫院副院長與地方衛生局長等、以及法規與會議等文件分析，歸納出分析的三個構面，分別是醫療密度、醫療需求、與體制限制，三個構面建立了醫療人力替代的分析模式。其中影響醫療密度為工作時數、人數、醫院評鑑制度、防禦性醫療、醫療技術等；醫療需求包括人口結構、健保給付制度、疾病的改變與預防、病人的期望；體制限制則為法規的規範。本研究透過這個分析模式，探討不同因素或法規的改變，對醫師或NP生產力、整體醫療密度的供給，會產生如何的影響，據此提出管理意涵與建議。

關鍵字：醫療人力資源、醫療人力替代、組織生態、體制理論

ABSTRACT

Are there enough doctors in Taiwan? Although the number of doctors in Taiwan is nearly 50,000, the hospital still cannot recruit enough doctors. At the same time, as the population ages and the number of medical visits increases, the problem of insufficient doctor manpower needs to be solved, especially for inpatient and emergency care. But how to find suitable doctors to substitute manpower?

As the previous studies on healthcare manpower were mainly focused on predicting the demand for healthcare manpower, or discussing other issues, such as the motivation of nurse practitioners or the satisfaction of patients, a study on the productivity of physicians and nurse practitioners(NPs) is absent from the context of the healthcare ecological environment. This paper analyzed the factors that influence the productivity of physicians and NPs from the perspective of organizational ecology and institutional theory and then established an analytical model. In addition, this study analyzed and proposed a feasible solution to various issues, such as regulatory restrictions, aging problems and the healthcare insurance system, etc.

This paper adopted observation, document analysis and interview methods to conduct data triangulation, summarised the three dimensions of healthcare density, healthcare demand and institutional regulations, and established an analytical model. Meanwhile, the probable niche of physicians and NPs was discussed in this paper. Lastly, this paper put forward both the theoretical and practical implications, and propose feasible solutions.

Keywords:    Human Resources for Health, Healthcare Manpower Substitution, Organizational Ecology, Institutional Theory

回目錄

國小高年級學童網路成癮預測模式之建立
 

THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR INTERNET ADDICTION AMONG SENIOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN

蔡玫湘
中華大學工業管理學系研究所學生

劉光泰
中華大學工業管理學系研究所專任助理教授

Mei-Hsiang Tsai

Kuang-Tai Liu

摘要

本研究旨在探討影響國小高年級學童網路成癮之重要因素，並利用鑑別分析法建構可預測國小學生網路成癮之模型。本研究以新竹市香山區某國小高年級學童為對象，綜合國內外文獻歸納出影響網路成癮之重要因素，包含網路使用時間、學業成就、人際關係與家庭社經地位等四項變數，透過鑑別分析法將學生資料建立樣本內預測，建構出可預測國小學生網路成癮之模式。提供國小教師及行政人員提早篩選出未來可能是網路成癮高風險的學生，達到預防國小學生網路成癮之效果。

關鍵字：網路成癮、網路成癮預測模式、鑑別分析法

ABSTRACT

This study aims to explore the important factors that influence Internet addiction among senior elementary school students, and to use differential analysis to construct a model that can predict Internet addiction among elementary school students. This study is aimed at senior students in elementary school in Xiangshan District, Hsinchu City. Comprehensive domestic and foreign literature summarizes the important factors affecting Internet addiction, including online time, academic achievement, social relationship, Family Socio-Economic Status. Variables, using the discriminative analysis method to build in-sample predictions of data, construct a model that can predict Internet addiction among elementary school students Provide elementary school teachers and administrators with early screening of students who may be at high risk of Internet addiction in the future, so as to prevent Internet addiction among elementary school students.

Keywords:   Internet Addiction, Internet Addiction Prediction Model, Discriminant Analysis

回目錄