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以組織學習觀點探討組織靈活度與資訊技術運用能力的關係

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AMBIDEXTERITY AND IT LEVERAGING COMPETENCE-THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE

陳炫碩

國立中央大學企業管理學系助理教授

林安琪

國立中央大學企業管理學系博士生

Shiuann-Shuoh Chen

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration,

National Central University

Angelina Lin

Ph. D. Student, Department of Business Administration,

National Central University

摘要

　　在現今商業劇烈競爭的環境下，組織必須不斷學習才能保持競爭優勢，近年來討論組織學習（Organizational Learning）以及資訊系統（Information System）導入技術的文獻很多，但是大都著重於研究開發與創新的議題，所謂資訊系統導入，即是組識學習使用某種特定方法來營運和管理，我們想要探討的是在新產品開發情境下，從組織學習的觀點研究其與資訊系統導入的關係，以及組織學習透過組織靈活度（Ambidexterity）對於資訊技術運用能力（IT Leveraging Competence）的影響。本研究針對台灣前2000大產業的新產品開發專案進行問卷調查，旨在探討新產品開發團隊是否能夠因為學習能力（直覺Intuiting、詮釋Interpreting、整合Integrating、以及制度化Institutionalizing），而增進靈活度（包含適應力Adaptor與配適力Alignment），進而提升資訊技術運用的能力。本研究回收有效問卷234份，研究結果顯示在新產品開發情境下，組織學習對於組織靈活度本身具有正向顯著的影響，而組織靈活度對於資訊技術運用能力也有正向顯著的影響，最後，我們提出組織靈活度具有組織學習與資訊技術運用能力的中介效果。因此我們建議企業在導入資訊技術系統時，除了努力學習以累積知識外，也要保有靈活度，才能成功。

關鍵字：組織學習、組織靈活度、資訊技術運用能力

ABSTRACT

　　In today's competitive climate, organizations must continue to learn to maintain competitive advantage. In recent years, there have been many literature reviews pertaining to the relationship between Organizational Learning and IT Leveraging Competence. However, most of scholars emphasize on the subjects of research & development and innovation. IT Leveraging Competence refers to the learning of an organization to use specific methods to operate and manage. We wish to explore the relationship between IT Leveraging Competence and Organizational Learning, as well as the effect of Organizational Learning on IT Leveraging Competence through Ambidexterity. We have conducted surveys targeting the top 2000 industries in Taiwan, focusing on new product development and the 4 learning abilities of an organization: Intuiting, Interpreting, Integrating, and Institutionalizing. We wish to analyze whether new product development team could improve its Ambidexterity (including Adaptor and Alignment) through learning abilities, and to further improve its IT Leveraging Competence. Our research has collected 234 copies of valid surveys in total. The results indicate that team members' Intuiting, Interpreting, Integrating, and Institutionalizing abilities have a positive effect on the Organizational Ambidexterity. As well, Ambidexterity also has a positive effect on IT Leveraging Competence. Finally, we propose the Contextual Ambidexterity mediates the relationship between Organizational Learning and IT Leveraging Competence. As such, we recommend organizations to continue to learn knowledge and retain ambidexterity during the process of integrating information technology to ensure success.

Keywords: Organizational Learning, Ambidexterity, IT Leveraging Competence

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考量綠色環保之食品供應商評選模式

A SUPPLIER EVALUATION MODEL FOR FOOD COMPANIES WITH GREEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATION

何應欽

中央大學工業管理研究所教授

周志峰

中央大學工業管理研究所博士生

黃皓雯

中央大學企業管理學系碩士生

Ying-Chin Ho

Professor, Institute of Industrial Management,

National Central University

Chih-Feng Chou

Ph. D. Student, Institute of Industrial Management,

National Central University

Hau-Wen Huang

Master Student, Department of Business Administration,

National Central University

摘要

　　隨著綠色環保意識的擴散，食品生產之相關環境議題也逐漸受到重視，不少食品業者已開始積極發展綠色環保改善方案。然而，綠色環保改善方案不應該僅涵蓋企業本體，其上游供應商亦扮演著重要的角色，亦即供應商的環境問題可能造成買方企業形象受損或產品銷量減少。因此，廠商要如何評選出適合且符合綠色環保要求之食品供應商，便成為其實施綠色環保改善方案，並朝向永續策略發展時所需瞭解的議題。本研究首先經由文獻探討彙整出評選食品供應商之相關構面與指標，並邀請專家填答前測問卷，以確認各指標的重要性。然後，利用分析層級程序法來分析各供應商評量構面與指標的相對權重值與重要性排序，進而建構出一個考量綠色環保之食品供應商評選模式。最後，本研究模擬食品供應商評選之情境，來驗證本評選模式於實務中運作之可行性。由本研究的分析結果，可得知前十大評量指標依序為：衛生安全、衛生管理能力、產品品質、合法性、食品可追溯性、交貨準確、保證與客訴政策、配合能力、危機處理能力、與產業知識。此結果顯示國內的食品業者於評選符合綠色環保要求之食品供應商時，首重與食品衛生安全相關之評量指標，其次為供貨服務相關指標。另外，研究結果發現最後九項指標皆是與綠色環保相關之指標，顯示當前國內的食品業者尚不很重視其食品供應商之環境管理與綠色環保表現。最後，本研究結果亦發現這最後九項指標之前三項指標為：環境有害物質管理、綠色供應系統、與綠色包裝，他們皆與減少有害物質使用量有關。此結果顯示，目前國內的食品業者在評選食品供應商時，是將此三項綠色環保指標列為優先考量的。

關鍵字：供應商評選、食品供應商評選、綠色環保、分析層級程序法

ABSTRACT

　　As more and more people embrace the green and environmental concepts, the green and environmental issues in the food industry have been receiving more and more attentions. Many food companies have already put a lot of efforts in developing solutions for improving their food manufacturing environment. However, their environmental success also depends on how well their suppliers have done environmentally. As a result, it is important for a food company to select right suppliers that has the same green and environmental values. Through the literature review, the survey of experts in the food industry and the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method, we first identify the supplier-selection criteria for food companies that consider green and environmental issues. We then determine the weights for the criteria and propose a supplier-evaluation model. To prove the validity of the proposed supplier-evaluation model, we conduct experimental comparisons to show that the proposed model can perform just as well as human experts. This study finds the top ten evaluation criteria are food hygiene and safety, hygiene management, product quality, compliance with laws and regulations, food traceability, delivery accuracy, warranties and claim policies, degree of adaptability, crisis management and handling, and specialized knowledge. This result also shows Taiwanese food companies values criteria related to food hygiene and safety more than criteria that are green and environmental. This study also finds the top three green and environmental criteria are hazardous substance management, sustainable agriculture practices, and green packaging. These three criteria are all related to reducing the usage of hazardous substance or material. In other words, among the green and environmental criteria, Taiwanese food companies are more concerned with reducing the usage of hazardous substance or material when evaluating their suppliers.

Keywords: Supplier Selection, Food Supplier Selection, Green and Environmental, Analytic Hierarchy Process

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網路互動性對網路口碑之影響－Facebook與YouTube的比較

EFFECT OF INTERNET INTERACTIVITYON E-WORD-OF-MOUTH:COMPARISON OF FACEBOOK AND YOUTUBE

蔡璧如

義守大學企業管理學系助理教授

吳穎帆

國立高雄應用科技大學企業管理學系碩士

莊苑仙

義守大學企業管理學系助理教授

Pi-Ju Tsai

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration,

I-Shou University

Ying-Fan Wu

Master, Department of Business Administration,

National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences

Yuan-Hsien Chuang

Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration,

I-Shou University

摘要

　　網際網路技術使媒體具互動性，本研究探討網路互動性對網路口碑建立之影響，針對網路媒體互動性對網路口碑資訊採用及再傳播意願進行探討。考量企業有針對頻繁使用網路的年輕消費族群，利用YouTube和Facebook作為行銷工具的趨勢，本研究衡量這二種社交媒體平台的參與者對網路互動性的認知，並探討網路互動性與網路口碑資訊採用、網路口碑再傳播之間的關係。進行迴歸分析後結果顯示網路互動性對網路資訊採用及網路口碑再傳播皆具正向影響，網路口碑資訊採用對網路口碑再傳播意願有正向影響，而網路口碑資訊採用在網路互動性與網路口碑再傳播意願之間扮演部份中介的角色，網路互動性有助於網路口碑建立及再傳播。以媒體特性而言，YouTube的網路互動性優於Facebook，尤其是在反應速度與個人化機制方面，而Facebook的回饋性較優，另外，在網路資訊採用及口碑再傳播部份，Facebook的效果皆優於YouTube，網路媒體互動性的確影響口碑建立，今後對媒體特性的掌握及其他影響口碑建立的因素需要再深入探討。

關鍵字：網路互動性、網路口碑、資訊採用、再傳播意願

ABSTRACT

　　The Internet is an interactive medium. This study explored how the interactivity of the Internet influence e-word-of-mouth (eWOM) information adoption and retransmission intention. Considering the trend of enterprises using YouTube and Facebook as marketing tools for targeting young consumer groups who frequently use the Internet, we measured the participants’ perceived Internet interactivity of these two social media platforms. We also explored the relationship among Internet interactivity, eWOM information adoption, and eWOM retransmission intention. Regression analysis results revealed that Internet interactivity positively influenced eWOM information adoption and retransmission intention. eWOM information adoption positively affected eWOM retransmission intention and mediated the relationship between the Internet interactivity and eWOM retransmission intention. Internet interactivity was conducive to eWOM generation and retransmission. Regarding the medium characteristics, the interactivity of YouTube was superior to those of Facebook, particularly in response speed and customizability. However, Facebook demonstrated a superior feedback mechanism, higher eWOM information adoption, and higher retransmission intention. Although Internet interactivity influenced the generation of eWOM, further research is necessary to identify the medium characteristics and other factors influencing eWOM generation.

Keywords: Internet Interactive, e-Word-of-Mouth (eWOM), Information Adoption, Re-Transmission Intention

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台指選擇權隱含波動率之探討

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF IMPLIED VOLATILITY IN TAIWAN STOCK INDEX OPTIONS

王銘杰

國立暨南國際大學國際企業系副教授

吳伶儀

國立暨南國際大學創業育成中心專任助理

Ming-Chieh Wang

Associate Professor, Department of International Business Studies,

National Chi Nan University

Ling-Yi Wu

Project Assistant, Department of International Business Studies,

National Chi Nan University

摘要

　　本文使用台灣指數選擇權的價格資料，來觀察選擇權隱含波動率的型態，並探討在美國次級房貸和歐洲債券等金融危機期間，波動率的型態是否會有所改變。其次，討論是否有適當的波動性模型，能描述隱含波動率的型態，並具有良好的模型配適度。最後，探討隱含波動率對實際波動率的預測能力，以及選擇權交易在金融危機期間所提供的早期預警功能。

　　實證結果指出隱含波動率在樣本期間並未具有微笑曲線型態，然而以歐債危機的型態最為接近，同時在金融危機和市場穩定期間，波動率型態未有明顯差異。若使用數種波動性函數來描述其型態，以標準化價性指標並納入價平隱含波動率的模型表現最佳，但未有模型能夠完整解釋隱含波動率之變化。此外，次級房貸期間的台指選擇權具有預警訊號，可預測未來的極端波動，顯示此期間的市場交易相當有效率，對投資人提供有用的訊息。

關鍵字：隱含波動率、波動率微笑曲線、隱含波動率模型

ABSTRACT

　　This study estimates the implied volatilities of Taiwan stock index options and tests for the presence of a smile pattern, or U-shape, pattern across the moneyness levels of those options. The analysis also considers whether the smile patterns differ between stable financial markets and those that are in crisis. Using multiple implied volatility functions, this study examines which model captures the smile pattern and offers the best goodness of fit with the model specifications. With this evidence, the authors determine whether implied volatility can predict future volatility.

　　The empirical results do not reveal a smile pattern in implied volatilities; however, the shape becomes more evident during the European sovereign debt crisis, relative to the U.S. subprime mortgage financial crisis. Nor do the patterns vary according to financial market conditions. The implied volatility functions can improve option valuation, and the best performance results from a quadratic function of the options’ standardized moneyness with the level of implied at-the-money volatility. However, no single model performs well for options across all moneyness levels. Finally, the implied volatility includes other volatility indicators that can predict future market volatility, and provide an early warning signal of extreme volatility, as was experienced during the U.S. subprime mortgage financial crisis.

Keywords: Implied Volatility, Volatility Smile, Implied Volatility Model

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