一、
 

貿易條件、內生性成長：跨期疊代模型
Terms of Trade, Endogenous Growth: In an Overlapping Generations Model

李政德
Cheng-Te Lee

二、


 

購併企業員工期望落差、知覺組織支持、組織承諾與工作壓力反應之關係探討
A Study on the Relationships Among Unmet Expectation,
Perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment,
and Job Stress of the Acquired Employeesafter Mergers and Acquisitions

彭玉樹、陳重志
Yu-Shu Peng, Chung-Chih Chen

 

三、

 

消費者行為中衝動性購買的前因與後果之模型探討
Impulse Purchase: A Model of its Antecedents and
Consequences in Consumer Decision Making

林建煌、莊世杰、龔昶元、賴志松
Chieh-Huang Lin, Shin-Chieh Chuang,
Chieh-Sung Lai, Chaang-Yung Kung

四、

 

台灣資訊電子業組織創新歷程模式之研究－以六家個案企業為例
An Empirical Studey of Organizational Innovation Process Theory Model 
– Six Case Study of Information and Electronic Business in Taiwan

莊立民
Li-Min Chuang
 

五、

 

應用AHP探討技專校院經營績效指標
Using AHP to Examine the Index of Management Performance
for Technological and Vocational College

林如貞、田效文、張婷婷、陳元和
Ru-Jen Lin, Shiaw-Wen Tien,
Ting-Ting Chang, Yuan-Ho Chen

六、

 

醫院整合行銷傳播之策略分析
Strategy Analysis for Hospital Integrated Marketing Communications
 

林懿貞、傅新彬、林肇哲、簡世恩
Yi-Chen Lin, Hsin-Pin Fu,
Chao-Che Lin, Shi-Hen Chien

七、

 

我國銀行業逾放比與總體經濟因素間關係之研究
A Study on the Relationship Between the Non-Performing Loan Ratio 
of the Banking Industry and Macrco Economy in Taiwan 

林左裕、賴郁媛
Tsoyu Calvin Lin, Yu-Yuan Lai
 

八、
 

本國銀行經營績效之實證研究
A Study of the Operation Performance in Taiwan Domestic Banks

彭美玲
Mei-Ling Peng

貿易條件、內生性成長：跨期疊代模型

TERMS OF TRADE, ENDOGENOUS GROWTH: IN AN OVERLAPPING GENERATIONS MODEL

李政德 

致理技術學院國際貿易系 

Cheng-Te Lee 

Department of International Trade Chih-Lee Institute of Technology

摘要

　　本文擬建構一個兩部門內生性成長的跨期疊代模型，分析貿易條件和長期成長率之間的關係。我們發現在一個小型開放的經濟體系中，只要自給自足長期均衡的相對價格與世界相對價格不同時，則會出口具有比較利益的財貨。然而，貿易條件與長期成長率的關係會受到貿易型態的影響。換言之，經濟體系若專業化生產投資財，則長期成長率不受貿易條件的影響；若專業化生產消費財，則貿易條件改善會增加長期成長率。

關鍵字：內生性成長、貿易型態、貿易條件、跨期疊代模型

ABSTRACT

　　This paper analyzes the relationship between the terms of trade and the steady state growth rate in a two-sector overlapping-generations model with endogenous growth. We find that as long as its autarky steady state price differs from the world price, a small open-economy will export the goods with comparative advantage. The impact of the terms of trade on the steady state growth rate depends on the trade patterns. Namely, if a small open economy specializes in a capital commodity, the steady state growth rate is unaffected by the terms of trade. If it specializes in a consumption commodity, the steady state growth rate is positively correlated with improvements in the terms of trade.

Keywords: endogenous growth, trade patterns, terms of trade, overlapping generations model

回目錄

購併企業員工期望落差、知覺組織支持、組織承諾與工作壓力反應之關係探討

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG UNMET EXPECTATION, PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND JOB STRESS OF THE ACQUIRED EMPLOYEES AFTER MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS

彭玉樹　陳重志 

國立東華大學國際企業研究所 

Yu-Shu Peng　Chung-Chih Chen 

Graduate Institute of International Business National Dong Hwa University

摘要

　　購併背後通常隱含著巨大的組織變革，留存的被併公司員工儼然就像是新進員工面臨剛就職的組織，充滿著陌生和不確定感。因此，本研究引入新進人員適應議題中經常運用到的期望符合度概念，並納入員工知覺組織支持的概念，探討員工在購併後所產生的期望落差和所知覺到組織關心自己的程度，對其組織承諾與壓力感受的影響。本研究選定半年至兩年內之購併案進行研究，對購併過程中較少機會參與協商與決策的中階管理階層以下之留任的被併公司員工進行問卷調查。研究發現購併後被併公司員工對新公司的工作規定和相關福利措施，乃至於個人與整體組織的配適可能會產生期望落差。而此種期望落差會對員工的壓力感受與組織承諾產生影響。期望落差除了對員工的組織承諾和壓力反應有直接的影響效果外，還會透過員工對組織支持的知覺，間接影響到員工的組織承諾。

關鍵字：企業購併、期望符合度、知覺組織支持、組織承諾、工作壓力

ABSTRACT

　　Mergers and acquisitions usually imply enormous organizational changes. The acquired employees feel unfamiliar and uncertain just like the newcomers to an organization. This study explores the unmet expectation of the acquired employees how to affect their work attitude and job stress after mergers. In addition, this study also discusses the role of perceived organizational support in the relationships among the met expectation, job stress and organizational commitment. Considering the impact of mergers and acquisitions on the acquired employees are greater than the acquiring ones, especially the employees under the middle management level, we selected the remained employees under the middle management level in the corporation acquired less than 2 years as the sample. This empirical study found that the unmet expectation of acquired employees not only from job regulations and benefit, but also from the person-organization fit of the acquiring corporation. The unmet expectation may both affect the psychological and behavioral stress of acquired employees. It also affects the organizational commitment of acquired employees to the acquiring corporation. The unmet expectation has a direct effect on the job stress and organization commitment. It also has an indirect effect on the organizational commitment through the perceived organizational support.

Keywords: Mergers and acquisitions, met expectation, perceived organizational support, organizational commitment, job stress.

回目錄

消費者行為中衝動性購買的前因與後果之模型探討

IMPULSE PURCHASE: A MODEL OF ITS ANTECEDENTS AND CONSEQUENCES IN CONSUMER DECISION MAKING

林建煌 

國立中央大學企管系 

莊世杰　龔昶元　賴志松 

朝陽科技大學企管系 

Chieh-Huang Lin 

Department of Business Administration National Central University 

Shin-Chieh Chuang　Chieh-Sung Lai　Chaang-Yung Kung 

Department of Business Administration Chao-yang University of Technology

摘要

　　消費者行為模式，一直是眾多學者研究的方向。衝動性購買更是消費者行為與行銷活動的主要焦點。由於衝動性購買行為在一般消費者的日常生活中非常普遍且自然發生，也因此引發學術與實務的高度重視。衝動性購買的相關研究發展迄今已有近三十年，但令人驚訝的是這些研究甚少探討衝動性購買行為的整個過程，這個研究主要的目的在於提出一個衝動性購買的前因（antecedents）與後果（consequences）的模型，以解釋人們發生衝動性購買的脈絡過程。
　　本研究是以Beatty & Ferrell的研究架構為基礎，建立一「消費者行為中衝動性購買的前因與後果」之完整模型。其中衝動性購買的前因部分包括三個主要的變數：刺激變數（一般性折扣、限量購買、限時購買及突發性折扣促銷）、情境變數（時間及金錢）及個人變數（衝動性購買傾向）。這些前因將透過購買情緒影響衝動性購買。至於衝動性購買後的狀況，將引用後悔理論來加以說明。本研究採實驗室實驗法，樣本數共330人，並被隨機分派於各實驗情境中。分析結果支持本研究所提出之衝動性購買的前因與後果模型。

關鍵字：衝動性購買、刺激變數、情境變數、購買情緒、後悔、再購意願

ABSTRACT

　　Impulse buying a pervasive aspect of consumer’s behaviors and a focal point for considerable marketing activity. Although fraught with difficulties, this topic has generated considerable research interest for over thirty. However it is surprising how little we really know about the process of impulse buying and the variables affecting its enactment.

　　The objective of our paper is to build fully model a set of three stimulating, situational and individual variables. We focus on a set of antecedents, including three stimulating variables (limited time buying, limited buying, routine discounting and nonroutine discounting), two situational variables (time available and money available) and individual difference variable (impulse buying tendency). And we suppose that these antecedents in impulse buying model influence impulse purchase occurred through buying mood variable. Finally, we use the Regret Theory to see results.

　　The result supports most of the predictions. The model of the precursors of impulse buying including stimulating variables, situational variables and individual difference variable cause impulse purchase occurred, and as far as we predict that its precursors achievement is through buying moods variable. As to the consequences of impulse buying, the result shows that there is a positive relationship between impulse buying and regret tendency, and there is a negative relationship between regret tendency and repeat purchasing behavior.

Keywords: Impulse Buying, Stimulating Variable, Situational Variable, Individual Difference Variables, Repeat Purchasing Behavior

回目錄

台灣資訊電子業組織創新歷程模式之研究－以六家個案企業為例

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF ORGANIZATIONAL INNOVATION PROCESS THEORY MODEL - SIX CASE STUDY OF INFORMATION AND ELECTRONIC BUSINESS IN TAIWAN

莊立民 

致遠管理學院企業管理系 

Li-Min Chuang 

Department of Business Administration Diwan College of Management

摘要

　　「組織創新」的研究課題目前尚未成熟，雖然Wolfe（1994）提出的三種研究取向各有一定的貢獻度，但是仍各有其主要的限制。歷程理論研究（process theory research）取向的研究重點在於探討創新歷程的特性，即研究創新是如何（how）及為什麼（why）會有出現、發展、成長及結束等歷程，研究的模式通常是以「階段／歷程模式」（stage／process model），來探討「組織創新」的歷程，並試圖了解各歷程之影響因素，主要的資料蒐集方法是橫斷面的回溯調查及深度田野調查（in-depth field studies）。本研究將透過台灣六家具有代表性的個案公司建構一個較適合台灣資訊電子業公司的組織創新歷程模式。本研究深入分析了國內資訊電子業組織創新的「來源」、「階段」與「歷程」，實際訪談的結果與理論上建構的模式存在一些差異，本研究也都針對Amabile（1988）與差異的地方加以修正或解釋。本研究的重要結論為：

1.組織創新的「來源」：
　　通訊業組織創新的重要來源乃是創新的環境因素與顧客；半導體業組織創新的重要來源乃是內部價值鏈與創造性解構（全球化）；電腦及其週邊產業組織創新的重要來源係指競爭者的外溢效果；光電產業組織創新的重要來源係指主要來自於內部價值鏈，其次為顧客。

2.組織創新的「階段」：
　　本研究所訪談的個案公司每一家均有的階段為：概念、採用決策、執行。

3.組織創新的「歷程」：
　　本研究所建構之組織創新歷程模式與Amabile（1988）的模式一樣共分成五個階段，分別為：概念形成、設定程序、產生創新、決策與執行以及結果評估，此與Amabile模式相似。不同的地方在於影響因素中，Amabile模式認為影響的因子較偏向於「個人因素」。本研究所建構的因素則擴大思考分為三類：「個人因素」、「組織因素」與「環境因素」，思考的層面擴大之後有助於後續研究者進行組織創新影響因素的探討。

關鍵字：資訊電子業、創新、組織創新、組織創新歷程理論模式

ABSTRACT

　　Research on organizational innovation (OI) is still not very complete, even though Wolfe (1994) suggested that each of the three research orientation does give certain contributions to OI, but each of them still has some major limitations. The orientation of process theory (PT) research was focused on studying the characteristics of the innovation process, with attempts make on understanding how and why innovation occur, develop, grow and end. The stage/process model was used to investigate the OI process and factors that affect the process. Information was obtained chiefly through retrospective cross-sectional survey and in-depth field studies. It is for these reasons that the proposed study will design a organizational innovation process theory (PT) model, suitable for use information and electronic industry in Taiwan by six case companies. This paper discuss the organizational innovation’s source, stage, process of information and electronic industry companies in Taiwan. There existence some differences between practices and theory so we modify the Amabile’s (1988) model. The main conclusion of this research list as follows:

1. In terms of the “source” for organizational innovation:
　　The important source of organizational innovation of Telecommunication industry is from the environment factors of innovation and customers; the important source of organizational innovation of Semiconductor industry is from its internal value chain and creative destruction(globalization); the important source of organizational innovation of Computer and the Peripheral industry indicate that spillover effect come from the competitors; the important source of organizational innovation of Electro-optical industry chiefly derive from internal value chain, and customers is the minor.

2. In terms of the “stage” for organizational innovation:
　　According to the interviewers for this research, each case study appears equal stages, they are: idea conception, adoption decision, and implementation.

3. In terms of the “process” for organizational innovation:
　　This research constructs that the process model of organizational innovation divide into five stages, the same as Amabile’s (1988) Model – idea generation, setting procedure, innovation generation, decision and implementation, and outcome evaluation. The difference exists in impact factors, the Amabile model considers that the impact factor tend to” individual factor”. The constructive factors for this research broaden many perspectives of deliberation, which could divide into three types: individual factor, organization factor and environment factor. After expanding consideration broader, it is beneficial that later researchers could carry out further discussion of effective factors of organizational innovation.

Keywords: information and electronic industry, innovation, organizational innovation, organizational innovation process theory (PT) model

回目錄

應用AHP探討技專校院經營績效指標

USING AHP TO EXAMINE THE INDEX OF MANAGEMENT PERFORMANCE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL AND VOCATIONAL COLLEGE

林如貞 田效文 

中華大學科技管理研究所 

張婷婷 

龍華科技大學工業管理系 

陳元和 

龍華科技大學企業管理系 

Ru-Jen Lin Shiaw-Wen Tien 

Department of Technology Management Chung Hua University 

Ting-Ting Chang 

Department of Industrial Management Lunghwa University of science and Technology 

Yuan-Ho Chen 

Department of Business Administration Lunghwa University of science and Technology

摘要

　　本研究旨在建立一套客觀且適合技專校院的經營績效指標，提供學校相關經營資訊，以達學校永續經營之目的。研究採用層級分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process；AHP），以效能（effectiveness）與效率（efficiency）之概念，建構以輸入、過程及成果等三構面之層級模式，意即將學校經營績效指標層級化、結構化，並加以數量化，透過調查32位技專校院一級行政主管（校長、教務長、學務長與總務長），藉以建構技專院校經營績效指標與權重體系，研究結果在構面、指標、副指標三階層，共84項副指標中顯示：(1)教育成果（輸出面）較輸入面與過程面更為重要；(2)就輸出面而言，教學與研究仍然較受到重視，但因終身學習之推動，因此學校也逐漸加強重視推廣及社會服務；(3)在輸入面中，以教師品質的權重最高；而在過程面中，課程品質與教學品質二項其權重最大；上述三項績效指標皆與教師有關，此點說明教師是影響學校績效之重要關鍵因素。

關鍵字：技專校院、指標建構、層級分析法

ABSTRACT

　　The purpose of this research is trying to construct an unbiased and appropriate index of management performance for technological and vocational college (TVC) in order to provide the school related operation and management information and reach the goal of forever continuous running. It applies Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with the concept of effectiveness and efficiency to build up the three layer model including input, process and output. In other words, the model is layerized, structurized and quantitized the index of school management performance through an investigation of 32 chief administration officer (President, Dean of Academic Affair, Dean of Student Affair, and Dean of General Affair) in major TVC in Taiwan. It attempts to build the index of management performance and the weighted system for TVC. The results show at three layer including structure, index and vice-index. Three are total 84 vice-indexes shown (1). Educational results (output layer) are more important than input layer and process layer; (2). From output layer, teaching and research still attracted more attention. However, the school stresses increasingly on extension education and social service due to the introduction and promotion of life-time learning; (3). In input layer, the quality of teacher has the highest weight; in process layer, the quality of course and the quality of teaching have the highest weighted. The above three indexes of management performance are all related to teacher, so it can explain that teacher is the most crucial factor in the effect of school management performance.

Keywords: technological and vocational college (TVC), index construction, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

回目錄

醫院整合行銷傳播之策略分析

STRATEGY ANALYSIS FOR HOSPITAL INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATIONS

林懿貞 

國立臺南大學科技管理研究所 

傅新彬 

高雄第一科技大學行銷與流通系 

林肇哲 

中華醫事學院資訊管理系 

簡世恩 

南台科技大學工業管理研究所 

Yi-Chen Lin 

Graduate Institute of Technology Management National University of Tainan 

Hsin-Pin Fu 

Department of Marketing and Distribution Management National Kaohsiung First University of Science and Technology 

Chao-Che Lin 

Department of Management Information Science Chung Hwa College of Medical Technology 

Shi-Hen Chien 

Graduate Institute of Industrial Engineering and Management Southern Taiwan University of Technology

摘要

　　中央健保局為了平衡全民健保龐大的醫療支出，自2002年推行全民健保西醫醫院總額支付新制，以致各醫療院所的經營管理遭逢莫大的挑戰，整合行銷傳播逐漸為企業用來提升形象之利器；因此，各醫療院所如何在未來不確定的醫療市場上取得優勢，創造醫院永續發展之契機，便成為其經營最重要之關鍵。本研究之研究目的如下：1.瞭解集團內部員工對醫院行銷與醫院公共關係傳播之認知及重視程度；2.探討醫院行銷4P對集團內部員工就醫決策時的影響；3.針對個案醫院提出一有效之醫院整合行銷傳播策略，提供醫院管理者之重要參考依據。
　　本研究以南部某知名集團為研究對象，由於該集團於南部成立一家醫院，加上該集團旗下公司為數眾多，所以初期將集團內部員工視為主要顧客群，利用員工所屬機構與人口統計變數探討在醫院行銷及醫院公共關係傳播之間的關係與差異性，因此本研究利用問卷調查法針對集團內部員工進行研究分析，總共發放300份問卷（四家鋼鐵廠240份；大學50份；醫院10份），回收之有效問卷為289份（回收率96.33%）。研究結果發現，員工們最常看診之科目為內科與耳鼻喉科，但偏愛選擇大醫院就診，且尚未建立一長期互動之就醫習慣；在醫院之醫療環境與服務上，員工們認為醫院應提供員工及眷屬定期健康檢查與增加醫院之先進醫療設備；在醫院公共關係傳播構面上，員工們認為醫院應擁有處理醫療糾紛能力與提供病人心理輔導之服務，且醫院之公共關係傳播較能影響女性員工之就醫選擇。期望研究發現能使個案醫院在未來之行銷規劃、公共關係傳播之推展以及組織內部之強化有所幫助，使醫院管理更具效率。

關鍵字：醫院行銷4P（Product, Price, Place, and Promotion）、公共關係傳播、整合行銷傳播

ABSTRACT

　　In order to balance the huge medical payout of the National Health Insurance（NHI）, the Bureau of National Health Insurance（BNHI）has carried out the new policy of the NHI global budget payment since 2002; as a result and so that the operation management of all the medical care organizations has encountered a great challenge. Integrated marketing communications（IMC）is always the excellent tool for busine sses to promote their images. Therefore, to obtain the advantage from the unsure medical care market in the future and create the opportunities for continuous development become the most important key point of the operation for all the medical organizations.The purposes of this research are as the followings: 1.To realize the understanding of the employees in the organization and how much they value about the public relation communications for hospital marketing. 2.To explore the influence of hospital marketing 4P on the decisions of the employees in the organization for seeing a doctor.3.In accordance with a certain hospital, this study provided an effective hospital Integrated Marketing Communications（IMC）strategy to provide the hospital managers with important reference materials.
　　The research studies a hospital that will be inaugurated in 2004 by a famous organization in southern Taiwan. With hospital marketing, hospital public relation communications, and population statistic variables these three structures, we conducted research analyses on the employees of the organization. We used case analysis and structured questionnaire investigation as our research methods and delivered 300 questionnaires. There were 289 effective questionnaires returned（return rate:96.3%)We found that the employees most often went to the departments of internal medicine and ear-nose-throat, and prefer large hospitals. Besides that, they haven’t acquired the habit of long-term contact while they see a doctor. About the medical environment and services of the hospital, the employees proposed that the hospital should supply the employees and their families with regular medical examinations, and promote its advanced medical equipment.On the structure of hospital public relation communications, employees consider that the hospital should possess the ability of dealing with medical treatment dispute, and supply the patients with the service of psychological guidance. The result has shown that the public relation communications for hospital marketing have more influence on the choices of female employees while they see a doctor.This leads to help this case hospital with the future marketing planning, the improvement of public relation communications, and the enhancement of the inside organizations. With the above, this study aims to make the hospital more efficient.

Keywords: Hospital Marketing 4P（Product, Price, Place, and Promotion）, Public Relation Communications, Integrate Marketing Communications

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我國銀行業逾放比與總體經濟因素間關係之研究

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NON-PERFORMING LOAN RATIO OF THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND MACRO ECONOMY IN TAIWAN

林左裕 

國立台中技術學院財政稅務系 

賴郁媛 

朝陽科技大學財務金融研究所 

Tsoyu Calvin Lin 

Department of Public Finance and Taxation National Taichung Institute of Technology 

Yu-Yuan Lai 

Department of Finance ChaoYang University of Technology

摘要

　　本研究之目的在於探討我國銀行業逾放比與總體經濟因素間之關係，利用最小平方法之迴歸分析檢測所蒐集之資料，並針對所得之統計結果分析其所含之意義。研究結果指出，失業率、經濟成長率、通貨膨脹率、房地產景氣對策訊號及存放款利差皆符合作者預期，與銀行業之逾放比存在顯著之關係。本研究除了證實逾放比確實與經體經濟因素具有某一程度相關之外，也建議未來銀行放款時不應以擔保品為放款之主要依據，更應納入借款人之還款能力及來源等因素考量。

關鍵字：逾放比、最小平方法、鄒檢定

ABSTRACT

　　This study attempts to investigate the relationship among the non-performing loan (NPL) ratio of the banking industry and several macro economic factors in Taiwan. The ordinary least square method is employed in determining the regression model. Results of this study do not only show that the unemployment rate, economic growth rate, inflation rate, the index of real estate market prosperity and the interest rate spread are significantly related to the NPL ratio, but also suggest that banks should pay more attention to borrowers’ ability and sources of payments as well as the value of collaterals.

Keywords: non-performing loan (NPL), ordinary least squares (OLS), Chow test

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本國銀行經營績效之實證研究

A STUDY OF THE OPERATION PERFORMANCE IN TAIWAN DOMESTIC BANKS

彭美玲 

萬能科技大學工業管理系 

Mei-Ling Peng 

Depatrment of Industrial Management Vanung University

摘要

　　本研究以1998年至2002年國內43家銀行之公開財務資訊來建立金融預警模型。經實證結果發現：利用階層式集群分析將樣本區分為經營績效較好、次好與較差三類。透過因素分析萃取之財務變數，包含獲利能力、資本適足率、成長能力、流動能力、資產品質與市場風險性等指標。其中以獲利能力最重要，且三組樣本間在獲利能力有顯著差別外，其他指標則無顯著差異。中興銀行與高雄中小企銀之經營問題急待解決，而農民銀行、彰化銀行與大眾銀行雖一直列為第二類等級，但尚無改善跡象，應列入觀察名單，嚴加監控。預警模型中複變數區別分析與無參數區別分析結果相近，而無參數區別分析中常態顆粒法優於均等顆粒法。

關鍵字：金融預警制度，階層式集群分析，因素分析，複變數區別分析，無參數區別分析

ABSTRACT

　　This article presents the Early Warning System by using the financial information among 43 domestic banks from 1998 to 2002. The implementation results based on hierarchical cluster analysis, the banks can be divided into three categories: best, better and inferior in operation performance. Factor analysis got the financial variables including Earnings, Capital Adequacy, Growth, Liquidity, Asset Quality and Market Risk. Earnings is the most important, and it is significant different among three categories. Chung Shing Bank and Kaohsiung Business Bank have urgent problems to be solved. Besides, the Farmers Bank of China、Chang Hwa Com. Bank and Ta Chong Bank must be under supervision. The result of discriminate analysis is similar between Multivariate and Nonparametric, and in the latter the Normal kernel method is better than Uniform.

Keywords: Early Warning System, Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Factor Analysis, Multivariate Discriminate Analysis, Nonparametric Discriminate Analysis

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